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G8MNY  > TECH     12.09.25 09:33l 256 Lines 13349 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
BID : 40588_GB7CIP
Read: DJ6UX GUEST
Subj: 198 to 162kHz Off Air Standard
Path: DB0FHN<DB0RKB<DK0WUE<PD0LPM<VE3CGR<VE3QBZ<VE2PKT<PY2BIL<HB9ON<VK7AX<
      VK4OT<VK6ZRT<GB7CIP
Sent: 250912/0712Z @:GB7CIP.#32.GBR.EURO #:40588 [Caterham Surrey GBR]
From: G8MNY@GB7CIP.#32.GBR.EURO
To  : TECH@WW

By G8MNY                                 (Updated May 25)
(8 Bit ASCII graphics use code page 437 or 850, Terminal Font)

I have test converted a homebrew veroboard construction version of the BBC4
"198kHz LW off air reference" project. (from a Practical Wireless article Dec
1995 by G8JVE, & follow up Oct 1998) to a more universal off air locking
standard using 2 LM555s as locked oscillators to convert 162kHz (or 198kHz) to
2kHz used by the project. As it will be needed when 198kHz Tx closes down in
June 2025.

The 800kW 162kHz "French Inter", now branded "ALS162" with no AM modulation, is
also a Freq standard Tx and also carries time signal phase modulated, as BBC4
but is about 10dB weaker in London. But might also close down in the future!

LAYOUT                                    AE       Mains   12V
                                        旼좋컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커
  旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커  �     �~Trans- ~�  �~~PSU~~~~~~�     �
 �킙xternal Active Ferrite Rod Aerial�  �     � former  �  �    board  �     �
 봉컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  �      ~\_____/~   읕컴컴컴컴컴�     �
 �                                      넬컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴엿
拍컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커  납  RF   Clipper   555      555     납
�    Manual   旼컴컴컴�   Ref Freq   �  납 Buff   stage    IC       IC      납
�  o   .-.    � Meter �     .-.      �  냅컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴冒
쿛ower(   )   읕컴컴컴�    (   )     �  넬컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴엿
�  o   '-'    CZ =o  Sig    '-'      �  납10   Buff  Counter Counter Phase  납
�  �       Not o     o Lock      (�) �  납MHz   IC     IC      IC    Comp IC납
읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸  냅컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴冒
                            Ref Output  � SW   Pot       Meter      SW   BNC �
                                        읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴쩟켸
This design might be usable in other parts of the world if there are suitable
accurate LW or MW stations.

OPERATION PRINCIPLE
          SPECTRUM        Carrier           Rx                     Extracted
                             �             Image!                   Carrier
           LSB MOD        PSK쾁SK     USB    V                         �
  /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\�/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\              �
컵컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컫컴컵�>Freq  컴컴컵컴컴
191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 kHz    198.00000

As you can see from the spectrum, extracting a pure clean carrier is not quite
as straight forward, when there is phase shift keying to remove too. (PSK in UK
is used for power meter control.)

A close-up of thet time encoded signals should look something like this..
                         �
~~\               께께께께께께께�               /~~~
컴컴컵컴컴컴컴컫컨컴컴컴컵컴컴컴컨컫컴컴컴컴컫컴컴컴>
    -20       -10        0        +10       +20     Hz

Where the PSK data sidebands cover the carrier, the data is encoded to have no
mean carrier offset. A clipper to remove any AM & attenuator give 1mV RMS then
triggers the LM555 to give 2% frequency selectivity. But using a very slow PLL
loop filter of a fraction of a Hz, will remove all the PSK data.

NEW SCHEME
旼컴컴컴커  旼컴컴커  旼컴컴컴�  旼컴컴컴�  旼컴컴컴�
쿐xternal�  � RF 2 �  � Diode �  � 18kHz �  � 2kHz  �  Rx  旼컴컴컴컴커 Lock
� Active 쳐캑 Stage쳐캑Clipper쳐캑 LM555 쳐캑 LM555 쳐컴>컴�          쳐LED
쿑errite �  쿍uffer�  �       �  쿌stable�  쿌stable� 2kHz �  Phase   �
쿝od Ant �  읕컴컴켸  읕컴컴컴�  읕컴컴컴�  읕컴컴컴� 2kHz 쿎omparator쳐>�+/-
읕컴컴컴켸                                          旼컴>컴�   4046   �  퀂wapp
旼컴컴컴커旼컴컴커 旼커 旼커 旼커 旼커 旼커旼커 旼커넬컴�  읕컴컴컴컴켸  �
쿣ariable납      � �  � �  � �  � �  � �  납  � �  납�  �         旼컴컴컨커
� 10MHz  척Buffer쳇덕2쳇덕5쳇덕5쳐덕2쳇덕2척�5쳇덕5쳅덕2첼        쿘ultiple�
쿦tal Osc납      납�  납�  납�  � �  납�  납  납�  � �  납        �  Slow  �
읕컴쩡컴켸읕컴컴켸냅컴冒읕켸냅컴� 읕켸냅컴牡컴冒읕켸 읕켸�        �  Loop  �
    �            10MHz 5MHz 1MHz    100kHz    10kHz     1kHz      � Filter �
    쿌FC             Frequency reference/marker outputs           읕컴컴컫켸
    읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴<컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�
With 198kHz a 1/11 astabe lock is needed to give 18kHz & then a 1/9 for 2kHz
clock. The 162kHz a 1/9 athen also a 1/9 for the same 2kHz. Just the High Q
ferrite rod aerial & FET preamp determins the reference station selected. (If a
1 kHz clock lock system is used instead then any LW / MW Standard Frequency
Transmission station could be used in Europe.)

With this new scheme the 2kHz is no longer an LSB mix image, so the varicap
sence need reversing to lock up. So on the phase comaritor Pin 1 not 13 now
used as mirrored O/P. Also it is important that the 2 astables are stable, so
their C & R components are stable types!

MODIFICATION IMPROVEMENTS
                           旼컴컫컴컫컴�+12V
Longwave                   �    �  2K2 
ferrite     d             22K   1M  � 10n           
rod      g 쳐컴컫�15K커    �    �   쳐늘컫컴컫�47K컴> Trigger
||旼컫컴쩡>쿑ET �     �    �    � �/     �   �        18kHz 555
||(  �  �\ 쳐쩡�)컴늘컨�>>컨캑쳐좔�      �   �   
||( === �/\ s�  � 10n       4n7   �\e   _�_ _�_   
||(  � ===   � ===                  �   /_\ \_/    
||(  � /�   4K7 �10n                �    �   �     
||읕컨컴좔컴컨컴좔컴컴컴>>컴컴컴컴컴좔컴컨컴컨컴컴컴 0V
External Active Aerial  BNC  RF Buffer   Clipper

With no AGC circut, a pair of 1N4148 diodes form a clipper to condition the
signal to feed the sensitve astable.

LM555 ASTABLES
These are quite sensitive to Pin 5 voltage control the less trigger signal the
narrower the lock.

       +5V컴컴쩡컴컴컴쩡컴컴컴쩡컴컴컴컴쩡컴컴컴쩡
              �      4K7      �+        �      4K7
              �     Preset   ===10u     �     Preset
              �8      �       �         �8      �
           旼컨컴커7  1K             旼컨컴커7  1K
Conditioned� +ve d쳐컴�  R           � +ve d쳐컴�  R
Off Air    �      �6 10K             �      �6 10K
Signal     쿗M  th쳐컴�  18kHz       쿗M  th쳐컴�  2kHz
           �555   �2  �              �555   �2  �
     oTP1  �     t쳐컴� TP2          �     t쳐컴� TP3
   >캑    5�      �3  �  o          5�      �3  �  o
    1K쳐늘캑CV   o쳐컴)컴좔220K컫캑쳐퀰V   o쳐컴)컴좔�>to phase discriminator
preset  10n읕컫컴켸   �         �  u1읕컫컴켸   �
     �       1�   3n3=== C     1K      1�   33n=== C
 0V 컨컴컴컴컴좔컴컴컴좔컴컴컴컴좔컴컴컴좔컴컴컴좔�

If you have a counter adjust the 2 presets for free running astables to give
exacty 18kHz on TP2 with TP1 grounded. Then again 2kHz on TP3 with the 1K
grounded.
Use a dual beam scope triggered to TP2, and check 18kHz astable, view TP1 for
mid range 1/9 162kHz lock (or 1/11 198kHz) to produce a locked 18kHz @ TP2.
The 1K preset adjusts the trigger sensitivity.

Then again for 2kHz astable, trigger from TP3 and view TP2 for mid range 1/9 to
produce a well locked 2kHz @ TP3. Check these are both stable hot to cold.

PLL FILTER
I redesigned this bit using electrolytics, something avoided by the original
designer. But by using 2 identical electrolytics in series across the well
regulated 5V power rail, I solved most of the leakage problem and gained
instant half rail AFC voltage on power up, for a faster initial lock up time.

            +5V컴쩡컴�
                +�100u      4x 1N4148
                ===      旼�<쳐컫캑<쳐커          Scope
Varicap          �       �      �      �            o    IC CD4046
 AFC  <컴쩡컴컴컴)컴컴컴컵캑>쳐컵캑>쳐컵컴컫컴�20K컴좔�< Phase Comparator
         쳐�4K7컴�       �      �      �   �             Pin 1 (originaly 13) 
         �       �       읕�1M컴좔220K켸   �1u
        ===     +�100u                    ===
       u1�      ===                        �
    0V컴컨컴컴컴컨컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컨컴컴컴컴

I enhanced the variable CR system with 2 more diodes & another resistor, so
initially PLL out of lock you have 20K + 200uF for a 4 Sec time constant, then
at �1V from lock it adds a 220K for a 50 Sec time constant, & at less than
�0.5V a further 1M for a 200 Sec "properly in lock" time constant.

The starting 20K + 1uF (20mS) is needed to remove the 5V 2kHz IF pulses and
reduce the residual 12.5Hz Phase Shift Keying data to below 0.5V ripple. This
however is a loop time constant that will oscillate, so I added a 4K7 in series
with the larger Cs to damp this oscillation, but the 4K7 is not big enough to
let much of the PSK data through to the AFC line. The u1 is used close to the
varicap diodes & keeps down any stray clock pickup/noise etc.

Off ~\      .-.     _._                    Power
Lock  �    /   \   /   \__/~~퀭..饗�--       Up �.__.-�-�..�-饗---
       \__/     '-'                             �
   ----------- 20 seconds ------------           --- 10 seconds ---

8/ MANUAL TUNE
There was an ugly hole in my box & a S meter/centre zero meter & switch fitted.
So I developed a circuit for these, to provide a manual Centre Zero mode with a
pot to fill the hole. (I did not have the follow up article then!)

The log pot (old Volume control) I used had a double make on off switch, & I
needed a changeover. Leaving the pot in circuit & using T1 to short incoming
AFC line I achieved the same function, & T2 shorts out the Green in lock LED to
indicate it is in manual off lock mode.

                       Varicap
                  旼컴> AFC
    2x pot 旼27K컴�                                      o컴�< S meter circuit
+5V on/off �     \�/         Loop    Green        ______/
 픬\___o\__쳐컴컴47K컴6K8컫�<Filter  LED         �       o컴컴�22K컴�>CD4046
     �           Pot      �  AFC     �           �+      CZ mode      Pin 2
     �                  �/         �/          /~~~\
     쳐컴컴컴�3K9컴컴컴캑 T1     旼� T2       쿘eter�
     �                  �\e      � �\e         \___/
     �                   _�_     �  _�_         _�_
     �                           �
     읕컴컴컴�3K9컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�

As the pot was a log one the varicap angle-frequency action was not quite
linear (needed square law?) so 27K was put from the max end to centre & 6K8 to
the switched ground, this gave a really even feel to the offset (�5Hz @ 10MHz)
with 2.3V at the centre position.

The Centre Zero meter action was taken from pulses directly from the unused IC
pin 2 via a 22k, to set the meter sensitivity. If you scope that pin you see...

 旼컴� 旼왯컴커
 �   � � 납   �  The average changes a little depending on the two 2kHz phases.
 �   읕� 잎

9/ OUTPUT FREQUENCIES
As my unit's dividers were not wired up as published, here is the arrangement.

       74LS132            74HC390            74HC390
   +5V컴컴컫컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴쩡컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴쩡컴�
           �14              16�                 16�    2kHz
10MHz   旼컨커    10MHz    旼컨컴�             旼컨컴�  o
Buffer>쨈1 11쳐컴컴컴컴컴컴�1  15쳐�          渼3  15쳇컨컴>to Phase
       윱2  8첼            �    9쳐�        50윱4   9쵬     Comparator
       渼3 12척         旼캑3    �          kHz�     �
       척4 13쵬         쳐캑4  13쳐컴컴컴컴컫컴�1  13쳐컴컴컴컴커
       윱5  6첼         �  �     �          �  �     �          �
        �   9척         � 渼14 12첼         � 渼14 12첼         �
        �  10척         � 척2   7척         � 척2   7척         �
        읕컫켸�         � 냅컴쩡켸�         � 냅컴쩡켸�         �
          7�  �         � �  8�   �         � �  8�   �         �
     컴컴컴좔�)컴컴컴컴�)컨컴컨컴�)컴컴컴컴�)컨컴컨컴�)컴컴컴컴�)컴
              o         o         o         o         o         o
            10MHz      5MHz      1MHz     100kHz     10kHz     1kHz

10/ OUTPUT PROTECTION
By adding a pair of 1N4148 diodes as a clipped attenuator the TTL chips are
protected from external static damage & small amounts of accidental RF (10W?).

              o         o         o         o         o         o
            10MHz      5MHz     1MHz      100kHz     10kHz     1kHz
             /�\  +
              읕컴캑쳐470R컴쩡컴쩡�(o Output
                   1u      _�_ _�_ �  1V p-p
                           \_/ /_\ �
                           컨컴컨컴�
11/ 12V POWERING
The original circuit was mains only to provide +12V & 5V rails from centre
tapped 2x 6V transformer & single bridge to make 20V & 10V centre into their
respective regulators etc. The +5V is used for PLL tuning & must be accurate,
but the +12V is not so important, so I made a 12V input option to diode feed
both the regulators.

RESULT
I now have a very accurate marker for HF (VHF/UHF on harmonics with a steady
pure tone), & I can calibrate frequency counters, or lock them up to this
source, as well as lock up my 100Hz-1GHz PLL signal generator.

For VHF & UHF, Xtal oscillators age & can't be relied on to maintain high
accuracy over several years. This accurate source (better than 1 in 10^7
short term & 1 in 10^11 long term) enables checking of standards.


See my buls "Locking a Frequency with 555" "Off Air Lock for Ref Osc.",
"Comparing Off Air Freq Standards", "Simple Crystal Oven",
"Crystal Drift Compensation" & "Calibrating Frequency" for more information.


Why Don't U send an interesting bul?

73 De John, G8MNY @ GB7CIP


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