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In May 1974 Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn published "A Protocol for Packet
Network Intercommunication" in IEEE Transactions on Communications
COM 22, no. 5, (5 May 1974) 637-648, in which they described the
Transmission Control Protocol.
In the early 1970s ARPANET and other data networks that were beginning
to be constructed around the world each operated according to different
hardware and software protocols, thus making it impossible for them to
communicate with one another. ARPANET was using the Network Control
Protocol or NCP. This problem was solved by Cerf and Kahn's invention
of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP ) cross-network protocol that
allowed the creation of an international network of computer networks;
i.e., the Internet (a term Cerf and Kahn invented around 1973, as an
abbrevation for "inter-networking of networks." The authors laid out
the architecture of such a network in their May 1974 paper:
"It describes gateways, which sit between networks to send and receive
'datagrams.' Datagrams, similar to envelopes, enclose messages and display
destination addresses that are recognized by gateways. Datagrams can
carry packets of various sizes. The messages within datagrams are
called transmission control protocol (TCP) messages. TCP is the
standard program, shared by each network, for loading and unloading
datagrams; it is the only element of the international network that
must be uniform among the small networks, and it is the crucial element
that makes global networking possible" (Moschovitis, History of the
Internet. A Chronology, 1843 to the Present [1999] 82.
In 1978 TCP was split into TCP and IP for Internet Protocol. In 1983
the Defense Communications Agency DCA and ARPA established the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as
the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP for ARPANET. This led to
one of the first definitions of an "internet" as a connected set of
networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, and the "Internet" as
connected TCP/IP internets. On January 1, 1983 ARPANET required
that all connected machines use TCP/IP. On this date TCP/IP became
the core Internet protocol and replaced NCP entirel
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